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Coronifera
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Coronifera, Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, p. 45; Emendations: Emendations: Davey, 1969a, p.161; Davey, 1974, p.47; May, 1980, p.48; Mao Shaozhi and Norris, 1988, p.35–36.
Type species: Coronifera oceanica, Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 (pl.12, fig.6)] ; emend. May, 1980
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Original description: [Cookson and Eisenack, 1958]:
Diagnosis:
Shell roughly oval in outline, with an often denticulate tubular horn at one pole and a stiff pointed process at the other; the surface provided with simple or bifurcate appendages.
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Emended description:
Davey, 1974:
Diagnosis:
Shell subspherical to ovoidal, bearing numerous simple or bifurcating processes. Processes solid or hollow, closed distally, and may be joined proximally by low crests or membranes. Apical process usually distinctive, simple or branched; antapical process large, tubular open, often terminating with denticulate margin. Archaeopyle precingular, the operculum usually being detached.
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May, 1980:
Description:
Cyst spherical to ovoidal: bilayered; bearing numerous simple, slender, acuminate, bifurcating, or trifurcating, nontabulate processes, which may be solid or hollow. Processes joined proximally by low sutural folds. Apical process distinctively long, simple or branched. Antapical process large, tubular, often terminating with denticulate margin. Combination archaeopyle, (Type (A)a+P.).
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Mao Shaozhi and Norris, 1988:
Diagnosis:
Cyst scolochorate, midbody subsphaerical to ellipsoidal, bearing numerous simple, slender and acuminate, capitate or knobbed, bifurcate or trifurcate, solid or hollow nontabular processes. Processes typically closed distally and occasionally joined proximally by low folds or crests, proximally uniform in length and shape except antapical process; one large tubular open process at antapex, often terminating at a denticulate distal margin. Archaeopyle precingular or combination of precingular and apical, type (P) or (tA+P). Operculum formed variously by loss of third precingular plate 3``, of both apical and third precingular plates, of apical plate only with third precingular plate attached along cingulum or two sides of 3`` with 2`` and 4``, or of precingular plate 3`` with apical plate dislodged.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt 1978, p. 148:
Synopsis:
Cysts skolochorate; body subspherical to ellipsoidal with numerous nontabular processes or spines, and a single, wide antapical process; archeopyle precingular, Type P.
Description:
Shape: Body subspherical to ellipsoidal.
Wall relationships: Autophragm only.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Nontabular spines or processes, solid or hollow and closed distally; single antapical process wide and open distally. Surface between spines or processes smooth, scabrate, or crossed by ridges radiating from process bases.
Paratabulation: Indicated by archeopyle only, formula unknown.
Archeopyle: Precingular, Type P (3`` only); operculum free.
Paracingulum: Generally not indicated; position may be indicated by vague transverse alignment of processes or poorly delimited band-like, less densely ornamented area.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate.
Affinities:
Coronifera differs from Diphyes, which also has a single differentiated antapical process, in having a precingular rather than an apical archeopyle, and processes (except the antapical one) that are closed instead of open distally.
[Coronifera, Cookson and Eisenack, 1958, p. 45; Emendations: Emendations: Davey, 1969a, p.161; Davey, 1974, p.47; May, 1980, p.48; Mao Shaozhi and Norris, 1988, p.35–36.
Type species: Coronifera oceanica, Cookson and Eisenack, 1958 (pl.12, fig.6)] ; emend. May, 1980
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description: [Cookson and Eisenack, 1958]:
Diagnosis:
Shell roughly oval in outline, with an often denticulate tubular horn at one pole and a stiff pointed process at the other; the surface provided with simple or bifurcate appendages.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Emended description:
Davey, 1974:
Diagnosis:
Shell subspherical to ovoidal, bearing numerous simple or bifurcating processes. Processes solid or hollow, closed distally, and may be joined proximally by low crests or membranes. Apical process usually distinctive, simple or branched; antapical process large, tubular open, often terminating with denticulate margin. Archaeopyle precingular, the operculum usually being detached.
-------------------------------------
May, 1980:
Description:
Cyst spherical to ovoidal: bilayered; bearing numerous simple, slender, acuminate, bifurcating, or trifurcating, nontabulate processes, which may be solid or hollow. Processes joined proximally by low sutural folds. Apical process distinctively long, simple or branched. Antapical process large, tubular, often terminating with denticulate margin. Combination archaeopyle, (Type (A)a+P.).
-------------------------------------
Mao Shaozhi and Norris, 1988:
Diagnosis:
Cyst scolochorate, midbody subsphaerical to ellipsoidal, bearing numerous simple, slender and acuminate, capitate or knobbed, bifurcate or trifurcate, solid or hollow nontabular processes. Processes typically closed distally and occasionally joined proximally by low folds or crests, proximally uniform in length and shape except antapical process; one large tubular open process at antapex, often terminating at a denticulate distal margin. Archaeopyle precingular or combination of precingular and apical, type (P) or (tA+P). Operculum formed variously by loss of third precingular plate 3``, of both apical and third precingular plates, of apical plate only with third precingular plate attached along cingulum or two sides of 3`` with 2`` and 4``, or of precingular plate 3`` with apical plate dislodged.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Modified description:
Stover and Evitt 1978, p. 148:
Synopsis:
Cysts skolochorate; body subspherical to ellipsoidal with numerous nontabular processes or spines, and a single, wide antapical process; archeopyle precingular, Type P.
Description:
Shape: Body subspherical to ellipsoidal.
Wall relationships: Autophragm only.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Nontabular spines or processes, solid or hollow and closed distally; single antapical process wide and open distally. Surface between spines or processes smooth, scabrate, or crossed by ridges radiating from process bases.
Paratabulation: Indicated by archeopyle only, formula unknown.
Archeopyle: Precingular, Type P (3`` only); operculum free.
Paracingulum: Generally not indicated; position may be indicated by vague transverse alignment of processes or poorly delimited band-like, less densely ornamented area.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate.
Affinities:
Coronifera differs from Diphyes, which also has a single differentiated antapical process, in having a precingular rather than an apical archeopyle, and processes (except the antapical one) that are closed instead of open distally.