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Glossodinium
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Glossodinium, Ioannides et al., 1977, p. 452–453; Emendation: Courtinat in Courtinat and Gaillard, 1980, p.30
Tax. sr. syn.: Dinopterygium, by implication in Drugg (1978, p.67), who transferred the "type species" of Glossodinium, Glossodinium dimorphum, to Dinopterygium — however, Courtinat in Courtinat and Gaillard (1980, p.30) and Poulsen (1992b, p.45) retained Glossodinium.
Type species: Glossodinium dimorphum, Ioannides et al., 1977 (pl.2, fig.13)]
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Original description: [Ioannides et al., 1977]: (Translation: LPP):
Diagnosis:
Cyst two-layered; in dorsal or ventral view subrhombohedral in outline; in apical or antapical view more or less circular. Epitract and hypotract of approximately equal size. Periphragm thin, finely folded, often in pseudoreticulate fashion. Periphragm ending in stout apical horn; distally, developing into complex prominence composed of a number of digitations of variable size. Cingulum well developed, bordered by membranous crests bearing radial striations (folds). In apical or antapical view, cingular crests appear invaginated toward sulcal zone, thereby indicating position of sulcus. Inner body large, normally closely appressed to periphragm except for apical and, rarely antapical regions.
Tabulation not observed.
Precingular archaeopyle occasionally occurs.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 157:
Synopsis:
Cysts proximate, generally bicavate, subspherical to nearly biconical; periphragm thin, commonly folded, and extended locally to form an
apical horn, an antapical digitate prominence, and paracingular membranous crests; paratabulation indicated by paracingulum and archeopyle, latter precingular, Type P.
Description:
Shape: Subspherical to nearly biconical with an apical horn and prominent antapical digitate structure formed by periphragm.
Wall relationships: Cysts generally bicavate, perhaps epicavate.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Periphragm commonly folded.
Paratabulation: Indicated by archeopyle and paracingulum.
Archeopyle: Precingular, normally Type P (3" only), occasionally 2P; operculum free.
Paracingulum: Indicated by parallel, equatorial, membranous crests.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate to large.
Affinities:
Glossodinium differs from Scriniodinium in having a prominent antapical digitate structure, which Scriniodinium lacks, and in being bicavate (or epicavate) instead of circumcavate. In addition, the paracingulum is evidently more strongly developed in Glossodinium. Drugg (pers. comm.) believes that Glossodinium has an epicystal archeopyle rather than a precingular archeopyle.
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Emended description:
Courtinat and Gaillard, 1980:
Diagnosis:
Cyst bicavate; sub-rhomboedrical in dorsal or ventral view; circular to oval in polar view. Epicyst and hypocyst of nearly equal dimensions. Periphragm thin, very much wrinkled, termination in a solid apical protruberance. Paracingulum extensively developed, bordered by membranous crests, scoured by numerous radial folds; crests invaginating in the sulcal region. Inner body large, closely connected to the periphragm, except at the apical and antapical poles.
Tabulation formula: 4`, 6``, 5```, 1p, 1````.
Combination archaeopyle, type (tA(a))+3P.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Glossodinium Ioannides et al., 1977, emend. Courtinat in Courtinat and Gaillard, 1980. According to Courtinat in Courtinat and Gaillard (1980), the cyst is bicavate with the epicyst and hypocyst of more or less equal size. The periphragm has a solid apical? protuberance. The paracingulum is bordered by membranous crests, with numerous radial folds. Tabulation is 4`, 6", 5"', 1p, 1"''. The combination archeopyle is type (tAa) + 3P. The big question is, What is the archeopyle type?
[Glossodinium, Ioannides et al., 1977, p. 452–453; Emendation: Courtinat in Courtinat and Gaillard, 1980, p.30
Tax. sr. syn.: Dinopterygium, by implication in Drugg (1978, p.67), who transferred the "type species" of Glossodinium, Glossodinium dimorphum, to Dinopterygium — however, Courtinat in Courtinat and Gaillard (1980, p.30) and Poulsen (1992b, p.45) retained Glossodinium.
Type species: Glossodinium dimorphum, Ioannides et al., 1977 (pl.2, fig.13)]
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Original description: [Ioannides et al., 1977]: (Translation: LPP):
Diagnosis:
Cyst two-layered; in dorsal or ventral view subrhombohedral in outline; in apical or antapical view more or less circular. Epitract and hypotract of approximately equal size. Periphragm thin, finely folded, often in pseudoreticulate fashion. Periphragm ending in stout apical horn; distally, developing into complex prominence composed of a number of digitations of variable size. Cingulum well developed, bordered by membranous crests bearing radial striations (folds). In apical or antapical view, cingular crests appear invaginated toward sulcal zone, thereby indicating position of sulcus. Inner body large, normally closely appressed to periphragm except for apical and, rarely antapical regions.
Tabulation not observed.
Precingular archaeopyle occasionally occurs.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 157:
Synopsis:
Cysts proximate, generally bicavate, subspherical to nearly biconical; periphragm thin, commonly folded, and extended locally to form an
apical horn, an antapical digitate prominence, and paracingular membranous crests; paratabulation indicated by paracingulum and archeopyle, latter precingular, Type P.
Description:
Shape: Subspherical to nearly biconical with an apical horn and prominent antapical digitate structure formed by periphragm.
Wall relationships: Cysts generally bicavate, perhaps epicavate.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Periphragm commonly folded.
Paratabulation: Indicated by archeopyle and paracingulum.
Archeopyle: Precingular, normally Type P (3" only), occasionally 2P; operculum free.
Paracingulum: Indicated by parallel, equatorial, membranous crests.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate to large.
Affinities:
Glossodinium differs from Scriniodinium in having a prominent antapical digitate structure, which Scriniodinium lacks, and in being bicavate (or epicavate) instead of circumcavate. In addition, the paracingulum is evidently more strongly developed in Glossodinium. Drugg (pers. comm.) believes that Glossodinium has an epicystal archeopyle rather than a precingular archeopyle.
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Emended description:
Courtinat and Gaillard, 1980:
Diagnosis:
Cyst bicavate; sub-rhomboedrical in dorsal or ventral view; circular to oval in polar view. Epicyst and hypocyst of nearly equal dimensions. Periphragm thin, very much wrinkled, termination in a solid apical protruberance. Paracingulum extensively developed, bordered by membranous crests, scoured by numerous radial folds; crests invaginating in the sulcal region. Inner body large, closely connected to the periphragm, except at the apical and antapical poles.
Tabulation formula: 4`, 6``, 5```, 1p, 1````.
Combination archaeopyle, type (tA(a))+3P.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Glossodinium Ioannides et al., 1977, emend. Courtinat in Courtinat and Gaillard, 1980. According to Courtinat in Courtinat and Gaillard (1980), the cyst is bicavate with the epicyst and hypocyst of more or less equal size. The periphragm has a solid apical? protuberance. The paracingulum is bordered by membranous crests, with numerous radial folds. Tabulation is 4`, 6", 5"', 1p, 1"''. The combination archeopyle is type (tAa) + 3P. The big question is, What is the archeopyle type?