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Pareodinia
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Pareodinia, Deflandre, 1947d, p. 4; Emendations: Gocht, 1970b, p. 153-154; Johnson and Hills, 1973, p. 208; Wiggins, 1975, p. 103; Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 116–117; Below, 1990, p. 64–65.
Taxonomic junior synonyms:
- Glomodinium, according to Stover and Evitt (1978, p.116–117) — however, Dörhöfer and Davies (1980, p.12) retained Glomodinium;
- Imbatodinium, according to Wiggins (1975, p.103) and, by implication in Below (1990, p.68), who included the "type species" of Imbatodinium, Imbatodinium kondratjevii, in Pareodinia — however, Dörhöfer and Davies (1980, p.36–37) and Harker and Sarjeant (1991, p.708) retained Imbatodinium;
- Pluriarvalium, according to Wiggins (1975, p.102) — however, Lentin and Williams (1989, p.297) retained Pluriarvalium;
- Kalyptea, according to Gocht (1970b, p.154) — however, Lentin and Williams (1993, p.365) retained Kalyptea;
- Broomea, according to Wiggins (1975, p.102) — however, Lentin and Williams (1976, p.144) retained Broomea.
Type species: Pareodinia ceratophora, Deflandre, 1947d (text-fig.1)] ; emend. Gocht, 1970; emend. Below, 1990
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Original description: [Deflandre, 1947]: (Translation: Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 116):
Diagnosis:
Microfossil with an apparently cellulosic membrane, deprived of any trace of furrows and tabulation, general form ellipsoidal or oval, drawn out at one of the poles into a strong horn; transverse section circular.
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Emended description:
Diagnosis: Gocht, 1970: (Translation: LPP):
Body more or less elongate, apically pointed, antapically mostly rounded. Membrane smooth or provided with protruberances or short processes. Girdle and dorsal plates sometimes indicated. Archaeopyle formation by loss of 2 intercalary plates.
Well preserved specimens often posses a mantle of fluffy organic material.
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Johnson and Hills, 1973:
Diagnosis:
Cyst subcircular to ellipsoidal in outline, tapering to an apical horn, antapex rounded or tapering to an antapical horn; tabulation usually evidenced only by the archaeopyle which forms by loss of 2 or 3 intercalary plates. A shroud of organic matter may be present (Kalyptra; Gocht, 1970). Cingulum occasionally evident on the dorsal side. Cyst wall may be smooth, granular and/or bearing a cover of spines.
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Wiggins, 1975:
Diagnosis:
Proximate fossil cysts, ambitus spheroidal, or rhomboidal, with an apical horn and the antapex broadly rounded. Cyst wall single layered. Epitract and hypotract approximately equal. Reflected tabulation variably indicated or absent, and may include all or any portion of the series formula 7a.cl., 6`, 6a, 6``, 7```, 3````, plus an uncertain number of sulcal platelets and posterior intercalary plates. Sutures indicated by a variety of cyst wall extensions, grooves, or rupture lines. Archaeopyle intercalary, and includes Types I, 2I and 3I. Enclosing kalyptra and apicular structures present or absent. Cyst wall ornamentation variable.
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Stover and Evitt, 1978:
Synopsis:
Cysts proximate to proximochorate, ellipsoidal, with an apical horn only; paratabulation expressed incompletely by archaeopyle only, or by faint discontinuous parasutural features; autophragm smooth or variously ornamented; archaeopyle intercalary, Type 2I or 3I; archaeopyle index >0.5.
Description:
Shape: Ellipsoidal with a short to long apical horn.
Wall relationships: Autophragm only.
Wall features: Parasutural features incomplete; they include linear alignment of discontinuous ornamentation features, faint low ridges, and rupture lines. Autophragm smooth, finely ornamented, or spinose.
Paratabulation: Expressed incompletely by archeopyle only, or by archaeopyle and paracingulum, occasionally also by faint discontinuous parasutural features.
Archaeopyle: Intercalary, either type 2I or 3I; archaeopyle index >0.5; operculum free, opercular pieces normally separated.
Paracingulum: Not indicated, or expressed by vague alignment of ornamentation or faint parasutural features.
Parasulcus: Generally not indicated.
Size: Small to large.
Affinities:
Pareodinia differs from Kalyptea in lacking an antapical horn and in having either a Type 2I or 3I archeopyle rather than a Type I. Pluriarvalium and Paragonyaulacysta differ from Pareodinia in possessing indications of paratabulation other than the archeopyle alone.
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Below, 1990: (Translation: LPP)
Diagnosis:
Vesicle-/plate-arrangement of dinoflagellate amphiesma cop, pop, cap, 3`, 2a, 6``, 7c, 6```, 2````, as, FM, ls, rs, ps; 1` exsert, quadragonal 1a and hexagonal 2a; growth of thecal plates ?gonyaulacoidal.
Zygote-cyst habit proximate, acavate, cornuvacuolar, cornucavate, cavate, elongate to squat tear-shaped, ovoidal, ovaloidal, ellipsoidal, spheroidal, cylindrical, bottle-shaped, apical horn of varying length, antapex flattened, rounded, lightly indented, with two antapical bulges or 1-2 antapical horns; wall consisting of thin pedium and firm luxuria, with or without surrounding, amorphous kalyptra; surface smooth, nonareate, thecal sutures reflected only by archaeopyle sutures or with intraareate, peniareate or finate ornament; areation scheme NR PR/XPR/cop, pop, cap, NR`/3`, 1a(arch)-2a(arch)/2a, NR``/6``, NRc/Xc/7c, NR```/6```, NR````/2````, NRs/Xs/as, FM, ls, rs, ps; IV-1a and VI-2a, 3`` anteriorly geniculate, 4`` anteriorly linear, finis 3``/4`` dorsal; archaeopyle anterior intercalary, 1a+2a; operculum solvate, opercular plates secate, general opercular formula 1a(s)+2a(s).
Affinities:
The genus Pareodinia includes cavate and acavate species with or without polar protruberances and with bitabular anterior intercalary archaeopyle. IV-1a(s)+VI-2a(S). Gochteodinia Norris, 1978; emend. Below, 1990 also has a bitabular, anterior intercalary archaeopyle, but with a different form of the plates involved, viz. V-1a(s)+V-2a(s). Netrelytron, Paranetrelytron and Imbatodinium are considered synonyms (see also discussion under Necrobroomea).
Fusiformacysta Morgan, 1975, and Komewuia Cookson and Eisenack, 1960; emend. Chen, 1982, which are similar to pareodinia in habit, excyst through a precingular archaeopyle and posses a gonyaulacoidal vesicle-/plate- arrangement.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Pareodinia Deflandre, 1947d, emend. Gocht, 1970b, emend. Johnson and Hills, 1973, emend. Wiggins, 1975, emend. Stover and Evitt, 1978, emend. Below, 1990. As emended by Below (1990, 64-65)
Arrangement of plates on the dinoflagellate amphiesma cop, pop, cap, 3`, 2a, 6", 7c, 6``` , 2```` , as, FM, ls, rs, ps; 1` exsert, quadragonal 1a and hexagonal 2a, tegulation ?4*, ?2**, ?4***, ?2****, 7c, ?4z, ?4xx, ?3xxx, growth of thecal plates gonyaulacoid. Zygotic cyst habit proximate, acavate, cornuvacuolar, cornucavate, cavate, elongate to compressed guttiform, ovoidal, ovaloidal, ellipsoidal, spheroidal, cylindrical, ampulliform, with an apical horn of varying length, antapex compressed, rounded, lightly indented, with two antapical bulges or one or two horns; wall composed of thin pedium and firm luxuria, with or without outer unsculptured kalyptra; surface smooth, nonareate, thecal sutures reflected only by archeopyle sutures or with intraareate, peniareate, or finate ornament; 3" anteriorly geniculate, 4" anteriorly linear, 3"/4" finis dorsal; archeopyle anterior intercalary 1a + 2a; operculum solvate, opercular plates secate, general opercular formula 1a + 2a. Fensome et al. (1993) included Pareodinia in the Pareodinioideae. This includes pareodiniaceans in which there are five climactal plates, two of which are Kofoid apical plates and two of which are dorsally situated Kofoid anterior intercalary plates.
[Pareodinia, Deflandre, 1947d, p. 4; Emendations: Gocht, 1970b, p. 153-154; Johnson and Hills, 1973, p. 208; Wiggins, 1975, p. 103; Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 116–117; Below, 1990, p. 64–65.
Taxonomic junior synonyms:
- Glomodinium, according to Stover and Evitt (1978, p.116–117) — however, Dörhöfer and Davies (1980, p.12) retained Glomodinium;
- Imbatodinium, according to Wiggins (1975, p.103) and, by implication in Below (1990, p.68), who included the "type species" of Imbatodinium, Imbatodinium kondratjevii, in Pareodinia — however, Dörhöfer and Davies (1980, p.36–37) and Harker and Sarjeant (1991, p.708) retained Imbatodinium;
- Pluriarvalium, according to Wiggins (1975, p.102) — however, Lentin and Williams (1989, p.297) retained Pluriarvalium;
- Kalyptea, according to Gocht (1970b, p.154) — however, Lentin and Williams (1993, p.365) retained Kalyptea;
- Broomea, according to Wiggins (1975, p.102) — however, Lentin and Williams (1976, p.144) retained Broomea.
Type species: Pareodinia ceratophora, Deflandre, 1947d (text-fig.1)] ; emend. Gocht, 1970; emend. Below, 1990
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Original description: [Deflandre, 1947]: (Translation: Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 116):
Diagnosis:
Microfossil with an apparently cellulosic membrane, deprived of any trace of furrows and tabulation, general form ellipsoidal or oval, drawn out at one of the poles into a strong horn; transverse section circular.
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Emended description:
Diagnosis: Gocht, 1970: (Translation: LPP):
Body more or less elongate, apically pointed, antapically mostly rounded. Membrane smooth or provided with protruberances or short processes. Girdle and dorsal plates sometimes indicated. Archaeopyle formation by loss of 2 intercalary plates.
Well preserved specimens often posses a mantle of fluffy organic material.
---------------------------------------
Johnson and Hills, 1973:
Diagnosis:
Cyst subcircular to ellipsoidal in outline, tapering to an apical horn, antapex rounded or tapering to an antapical horn; tabulation usually evidenced only by the archaeopyle which forms by loss of 2 or 3 intercalary plates. A shroud of organic matter may be present (Kalyptra; Gocht, 1970). Cingulum occasionally evident on the dorsal side. Cyst wall may be smooth, granular and/or bearing a cover of spines.
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Wiggins, 1975:
Diagnosis:
Proximate fossil cysts, ambitus spheroidal, or rhomboidal, with an apical horn and the antapex broadly rounded. Cyst wall single layered. Epitract and hypotract approximately equal. Reflected tabulation variably indicated or absent, and may include all or any portion of the series formula 7a.cl., 6`, 6a, 6``, 7```, 3````, plus an uncertain number of sulcal platelets and posterior intercalary plates. Sutures indicated by a variety of cyst wall extensions, grooves, or rupture lines. Archaeopyle intercalary, and includes Types I, 2I and 3I. Enclosing kalyptra and apicular structures present or absent. Cyst wall ornamentation variable.
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Stover and Evitt, 1978:
Synopsis:
Cysts proximate to proximochorate, ellipsoidal, with an apical horn only; paratabulation expressed incompletely by archaeopyle only, or by faint discontinuous parasutural features; autophragm smooth or variously ornamented; archaeopyle intercalary, Type 2I or 3I; archaeopyle index >0.5.
Description:
Shape: Ellipsoidal with a short to long apical horn.
Wall relationships: Autophragm only.
Wall features: Parasutural features incomplete; they include linear alignment of discontinuous ornamentation features, faint low ridges, and rupture lines. Autophragm smooth, finely ornamented, or spinose.
Paratabulation: Expressed incompletely by archeopyle only, or by archaeopyle and paracingulum, occasionally also by faint discontinuous parasutural features.
Archaeopyle: Intercalary, either type 2I or 3I; archaeopyle index >0.5; operculum free, opercular pieces normally separated.
Paracingulum: Not indicated, or expressed by vague alignment of ornamentation or faint parasutural features.
Parasulcus: Generally not indicated.
Size: Small to large.
Affinities:
Pareodinia differs from Kalyptea in lacking an antapical horn and in having either a Type 2I or 3I archeopyle rather than a Type I. Pluriarvalium and Paragonyaulacysta differ from Pareodinia in possessing indications of paratabulation other than the archeopyle alone.
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Below, 1990: (Translation: LPP)
Diagnosis:
Vesicle-/plate-arrangement of dinoflagellate amphiesma cop, pop, cap, 3`, 2a, 6``, 7c, 6```, 2````, as, FM, ls, rs, ps; 1` exsert, quadragonal 1a and hexagonal 2a; growth of thecal plates ?gonyaulacoidal.
Zygote-cyst habit proximate, acavate, cornuvacuolar, cornucavate, cavate, elongate to squat tear-shaped, ovoidal, ovaloidal, ellipsoidal, spheroidal, cylindrical, bottle-shaped, apical horn of varying length, antapex flattened, rounded, lightly indented, with two antapical bulges or 1-2 antapical horns; wall consisting of thin pedium and firm luxuria, with or without surrounding, amorphous kalyptra; surface smooth, nonareate, thecal sutures reflected only by archaeopyle sutures or with intraareate, peniareate or finate ornament; areation scheme NR PR/XPR/cop, pop, cap, NR`/3`, 1a(arch)-2a(arch)/2a, NR``/6``, NRc/Xc/7c, NR```/6```, NR````/2````, NRs/Xs/as, FM, ls, rs, ps; IV-1a and VI-2a, 3`` anteriorly geniculate, 4`` anteriorly linear, finis 3``/4`` dorsal; archaeopyle anterior intercalary, 1a+2a; operculum solvate, opercular plates secate, general opercular formula 1a(s)+2a(s).
Affinities:
The genus Pareodinia includes cavate and acavate species with or without polar protruberances and with bitabular anterior intercalary archaeopyle. IV-1a(s)+VI-2a(S). Gochteodinia Norris, 1978; emend. Below, 1990 also has a bitabular, anterior intercalary archaeopyle, but with a different form of the plates involved, viz. V-1a(s)+V-2a(s). Netrelytron, Paranetrelytron and Imbatodinium are considered synonyms (see also discussion under Necrobroomea).
Fusiformacysta Morgan, 1975, and Komewuia Cookson and Eisenack, 1960; emend. Chen, 1982, which are similar to pareodinia in habit, excyst through a precingular archaeopyle and posses a gonyaulacoidal vesicle-/plate- arrangement.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Pareodinia Deflandre, 1947d, emend. Gocht, 1970b, emend. Johnson and Hills, 1973, emend. Wiggins, 1975, emend. Stover and Evitt, 1978, emend. Below, 1990. As emended by Below (1990, 64-65)
Arrangement of plates on the dinoflagellate amphiesma cop, pop, cap, 3`, 2a, 6", 7c, 6``` , 2```` , as, FM, ls, rs, ps; 1` exsert, quadragonal 1a and hexagonal 2a, tegulation ?4*, ?2**, ?4***, ?2****, 7c, ?4z, ?4xx, ?3xxx, growth of thecal plates gonyaulacoid. Zygotic cyst habit proximate, acavate, cornuvacuolar, cornucavate, cavate, elongate to compressed guttiform, ovoidal, ovaloidal, ellipsoidal, spheroidal, cylindrical, ampulliform, with an apical horn of varying length, antapex compressed, rounded, lightly indented, with two antapical bulges or one or two horns; wall composed of thin pedium and firm luxuria, with or without outer unsculptured kalyptra; surface smooth, nonareate, thecal sutures reflected only by archeopyle sutures or with intraareate, peniareate, or finate ornament; 3" anteriorly geniculate, 4" anteriorly linear, 3"/4" finis dorsal; archeopyle anterior intercalary 1a + 2a; operculum solvate, opercular plates secate, general opercular formula 1a + 2a. Fensome et al. (1993) included Pareodinia in the Pareodinioideae. This includes pareodiniaceans in which there are five climactal plates, two of which are Kofoid apical plates and two of which are dorsally situated Kofoid anterior intercalary plates.