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Tuberculodinium
From Williams et al., 2017:
[Tuberculodinium, Wall, 1967, p. 114
Taxonomic senior synonym: Pyrophacus, by implication in Wall and Dale (1971, p.234), who included the "type species", Tuberculodinium vancampoae, in Pyrophacus — however, Head (1996b, p.1232) retained Tuberculodinium.
Type species: as Pterospermopsis? vancampoae, Rossignol, 1962 (pl.2, fig.1)]
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Original description: [Wall, 1967]:
Description:
Test discoidal, with two wall layers, the outer supported above the inner by numerous short, stout, tuberculate projections. Dorsal surface with a large compound archeopyle which probably corresponds to a combination of precingular and intercalary plates.
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Supplemental description:
Wall and Dale, 1971, p. 235:
Description:
Cysts oblate discoidal, with conspicuous tubercules between 2 separate wall layers.Tubercules arranged in 4 sub-parallel rows (apical, precingular, postcingular and antapical), ca. 29-36 in number.
Archeopyle hypotractal, its plate equivalence probably with antapical plates 3-7```` in the theca, compound, with 3`5 subrectangular operculae.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 240:
Synopsis:
Cysts oblate, subspherical, composed of an autophragm with numerous (up to 36) intratabular pillarlike or barrel-shaped structures supporting an enclosing ectophragm; intratabular features arranged in latitudinal rows and absent in equatorial area; archeopyle antapical, compound, involving two or three paraplates.
Description:
Shape: Oblate, subspherical; specimens seen most frequently in apical-antapical view.
Wall relationships: Autophragm and ectophragm separated with intervening ectocoel occupied by intratabular features.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Intratabular features pillarlike, barrel-to dumbbell-shaped, and arranged in latitudinal rows; ectophragm and autophragm generally smooth or faintly ornamented, the latter perhaps coarsely granulate antapically.
Paratabulation: Indicated by intratabular features and byarcheopyle; formula: 5 - (7) -8`, 8 - (10) -13", 6 - (10) -13```, 3 - (8) -11```` .
Archeopyle: Antapical, compound; outline polygonal with one long and two short straight margins and a zigzag fourth margin; operculum free, composed of two or three paraplates, which are smooth or coarsely granulate.
Paracingulum: Indicated by the absence of intratabular features.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate to large.
Affinities:
Tuberculodinium is the only dinoflagellate cyst with a confirmed antapical archeopyle.
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Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Tuberculodinium Wall, 1967. diagnosis from Wall (1967, p.114), test discoidal, with two cell wall layers, the outer supported above the inner by numerous short, stout, tuberculate projections. Dorsal surface with a large compound archeopyle which probably corresponds to a combination of precingular and intercalary plates. However, see Matsuoka et al. (1998).
[Tuberculodinium, Wall, 1967, p. 114
Taxonomic senior synonym: Pyrophacus, by implication in Wall and Dale (1971, p.234), who included the "type species", Tuberculodinium vancampoae, in Pyrophacus — however, Head (1996b, p.1232) retained Tuberculodinium.
Type species: as Pterospermopsis? vancampoae, Rossignol, 1962 (pl.2, fig.1)]
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Original description: [Wall, 1967]:
Description:
Test discoidal, with two wall layers, the outer supported above the inner by numerous short, stout, tuberculate projections. Dorsal surface with a large compound archeopyle which probably corresponds to a combination of precingular and intercalary plates.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Supplemental description:
Wall and Dale, 1971, p. 235:
Description:
Cysts oblate discoidal, with conspicuous tubercules between 2 separate wall layers.Tubercules arranged in 4 sub-parallel rows (apical, precingular, postcingular and antapical), ca. 29-36 in number.
Archeopyle hypotractal, its plate equivalence probably with antapical plates 3-7```` in the theca, compound, with 3`5 subrectangular operculae.
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Modified description:
Stover and Evitt, 1978, p. 240:
Synopsis:
Cysts oblate, subspherical, composed of an autophragm with numerous (up to 36) intratabular pillarlike or barrel-shaped structures supporting an enclosing ectophragm; intratabular features arranged in latitudinal rows and absent in equatorial area; archeopyle antapical, compound, involving two or three paraplates.
Description:
Shape: Oblate, subspherical; specimens seen most frequently in apical-antapical view.
Wall relationships: Autophragm and ectophragm separated with intervening ectocoel occupied by intratabular features.
Wall features: No parasutural features. Intratabular features pillarlike, barrel-to dumbbell-shaped, and arranged in latitudinal rows; ectophragm and autophragm generally smooth or faintly ornamented, the latter perhaps coarsely granulate antapically.
Paratabulation: Indicated by intratabular features and byarcheopyle; formula: 5 - (7) -8`, 8 - (10) -13", 6 - (10) -13```, 3 - (8) -11```` .
Archeopyle: Antapical, compound; outline polygonal with one long and two short straight margins and a zigzag fourth margin; operculum free, composed of two or three paraplates, which are smooth or coarsely granulate.
Paracingulum: Indicated by the absence of intratabular features.
Parasulcus: Not indicated.
Size: Intermediate to large.
Affinities:
Tuberculodinium is the only dinoflagellate cyst with a confirmed antapical archeopyle.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Notes:
G.L. Williams short notes on species, Mesozoic-Cenozoic dinocyst course, Urbino, Italy, May 17-22, 1999 - LPP VIEWER CD-ROM 99.5.
Tuberculodinium Wall, 1967. diagnosis from Wall (1967, p.114), test discoidal, with two cell wall layers, the outer supported above the inner by numerous short, stout, tuberculate projections. Dorsal surface with a large compound archeopyle which probably corresponds to a combination of precingular and intercalary plates. However, see Matsuoka et al. (1998).